Fundamental of Computer

Fundamental of computer

What is Computer?

The word 'Computer' originated from Latin word 'Computare' it means to calculate or count. An electronic device which can accept data, process them and give the processed output as information to the user. It was developed by Charles Babbage in 1822 (difference) engine.

Full form of Computer
C =Common
O =Operating
M =Machine
P =Purpose
U =Useful
T =Technology
E = Education
R =Research


Parts of Computer.
Monitor
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Keyboard
Mouse
speaker
casing Box
mother board
RAM (Random Access Memory)
CPU fan
Floppy Disk
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
SSD (Solid State Drive)
SMPS (Switch mode power supply)
DVD Drive (Digital versatile/video disk)


Main three parts of computer
Input device
Process CPU (Central processing unit)
Output device

Input device: An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it. Some popular input devices are: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, Light Pen, Joystick, Trackball etc.

CPU (Central processing unit): CPU is alternatively referred to the brain of the computer processer, central processer or the CPU (pronounced as C-P-U) the CPU was first developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff in the early 1970's and is short for central processing unit. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all instruction it receive from hardware software running on the computer. CPU has two panels. 

1. Show panel

2. Back panel

Show panel
Start button:- It helps to start computer.
Re-Start button:- It helps to automatic re-start computer.
USB port (universal serial bus):- it helps to connect all USB versions like USB pen drive, USB keyboard, mouse, data cable, printer etc.
Audio port:
Pink color:- it helps to connect microphone.
Blue color:- it helps to connect speaker.


Back panel
SMPS Power In port:-it helps to connect current power.

Ps/2 (personal system/2): It helps to connect ps/2 version device mouse and keyboard.

Green color:- it helps to connect mouse.

Purple color:- it helps to connect keyboard.

VGA (video graphic adaptor):- it helps to connect monitor cable so that we can see display on screen.

USB …………………………

RJ/45 (Register jack):- it helps to connect LAN (local area network) through the cable or tower.

Audio port:

Pink color: The pink port is normally the microphone input.

Green color: The green port is normally the headphone output port.

Blue color: The blue port is normally the line input.
Printer: - it helps to connect printer cable so that we can print out document.

Output device: the meaningful information display on a computer is called output device. For examples screen creates, printed copies, generates sound, monitor, printer and speaker. 

 

Memory Measurement

1 bit	0 or 1 Binary digit
8 bits	1 Byte
1024 Bytes	1 KB (Kilo Byte
1024 KB	1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB	1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB	1 TB (Terra Byte)

 

Characteristics of computer
Accuracy
Speed
Automatic
Versatile
Diligent
Storage

Accuracy: computers perform calculation with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.

Speed: A computer work with much higher speed and accuracy compared to human while performing mathematical calculations. Computer can process millions of instructions per second.

Automatic: Once the instructions fed into the computer it works automatically without any human intervention until the completion of execution of a program until meets logical instructions to terminate the job.

Versatile: Versatile refer to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.

Diligent: Diligence is the capacity of the computer performing repetitive tasks without getting tired. A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration etc.

Storage: storage device is any type of computing hardware that is used for storing, porting or extracting data files and objects. For example: Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, Solid State Drive, Tapes DVD Flash Drives, SD Card (Secure Digital Card etc.

Generation of computer

Generation	technical used	period	speed	years
1st	Vacuum tubes	1946-1958	Milli seconds	12
2nd	transistor	1959-1964	Macro seconds	5
3rd	IC (silicon chips)	1965-1974	Nano Seconds	9
4th	Micro-chips/Microprocessor	1975-1990	Pico Seconds	15
5th	Bio-chips (Artificial intelligence)	1990 research onward

 Microsoft windows

Windows is an operating system. This is the software that organization and controls all the components. (Both hardware and software) in our computer so that they integrate and work efficiently together. All computer needs operating system to function and windows is the most popular one as the world's installed on the computer. A window is a rectangular area used to run a program. Windows 11 is the latest version it was developed by Microsoft. Some Examples of MS Windows are windows NT, windows XP, windows Vista, windows 7, windows 8, windows 8.1, windows 10 and windows 11.

Starting windows 10

Switch on the computer and wait until 'User Name and Welcome' Screen appears
Type the password if any and press Enter.

How to shut down your computer?
Choose this option when you finished using the computer
Go to start button
Click on power button then click on shut down


Starting programs

Click on start

Go to all programs

Click on program's name you want to start.



Starting program using Run

Click on start

Go to all programs

Click on Windows System

Then click on Run option

Type the program's name

Then click on ok.

Or

Press Windows key with R

Then appears Run box

Type the program's name

Then click on ok or enter.


Desktop:- A desktop is a computer display area that represents the kinds of objects one might find on top of a physical desk, including document, reference sources, writing and drawing tools, and projects folders.

Icon:- Icon is a small graphical representation of a program or file.

Taskbar:- Taskbar is the long horizontal bar where is the access point for programs displayed on the desktop, even if the program is minimized.

Minimize, Restore/Maximize and Close Buttons
Minimize, Restore/Maximize, Move, Resize, and close buttons are called Control Buttons or, Hidden Control Button. Control Button appears at the top of right corner of any windows or other applications.

How to resize the desktop icon?

First of all, right-click on the desktop, point to View, and then select Large icons, Medium icons, or Small icons according to your desire.

Sort by
Right-click a blank area on the desktop, and then click Arrange Icons. Click the command that indicates how you want to arrange the icons (by Name, by Type, and so on). If you want the icons to be automatically arranged, click Auto Arrange.

New: Creating something new on a computer. New documents or another files

How to create folder? (Ctrl+Shift+N)
Choose the location where you want to create the folder

Right click the blank area or press

Go to new option

Then choose the folder
Type the folder name and press enter

How to change your desktop background?
Right Click on blink area of desktop

Go to Personalize

Click on Background and choose the picture your desire